Engine Oil Pan And Functions

Engine Oil Pan And Functions This report will analyze the engine oil pan as one of metallic component in car application. The analysis will cover the role of the component, the material for the component and the properties of the material. We will cover the process of how the properties are achieved. We will also analyzing the alternative material suitable for the specific component, compare and contrast with the alternative material. Introduction Engine oil pan is a simple automotive component with a very simple function. However, it is very vital for youre the engine part to operate properly. By understanding the function, the specific requirement and the material for an oil pan, it would help us to understand more on material selection for specific automotive applications. Engine Oil Pan and Functions For engine to work at its best, it must be running at a specific operating temperature. This temperature can only be maintained with the aid of engine oil that acts as a coolant. Subsequently, it needs a component to store the oil and continuously reuse it. That is the main function of the engine oil pan. Besides a storage component, oil pan will also collect some of the residue picks by engine oil while passing through the engine. Oil pan also served as a bottom cover of engines. Component Condition and Requirement In relative to the oil pan application, certain condition and requirement of the material should be meet. First, the material for the component should have a good corrosion resistance. It is to ensure that the oil in the sump will not contaminated. Even though the function of the oil pan is not for cooling, but the good thermal conductivity property will give an advantage for the application. Furthermore, it has to have a good ductility to prevent crack or damage due to stone impact. Low density in material will be a great advantage for the component, as it will reduce the weight. Above all, the most important criteria for the component are the ability to sustain the operating temperature of the engine. However, the engine operating temperature is considered low for all kind of metallic material to withstand. Materials and Properties for Oil Pan application In this paper, we will analyze the properties of cast aluminum alloy as a material for the oil pan. Aluminum alloy (2.7 g/cmà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ µ) is characterized as a nonferrous alloy, which relatively low density material compare to steel (7.9 g/cmà ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚ µ) (Callister 2007). Beside low in density, it is also comparatively high thermal conductivity and inherent corrosive resistance in some common environment. Furthermore, the ductility of Aluminum alloys is retained at low temperature due to Aluminum has a FCC crystal structure (fig. 1-1). Face Centered Cubic Crystal Structure. In hard sphere unit (a), a reduced sphere unit (b) and in aggregate of many atoms. An important characteristic of this material is the specific strength, which is determined by the tensile strength to specific gravity ratio (Callister, 2007). Even though aluminum alloy have a tensile strength relatively compare to the higher density material (such as steel), on a weight basis it will able sustain a larger load (Callister,2007). In particular to the casting alloys use for productions of oil pan in automotive industry, the die casting process is used. In general the AlSiMg alloys is use for the production of the oil pans. Table 1.1 Composition, Mechanical properties and common application for cast-heat treatable Aluminum alloys (Callister, 2007) Silicon in the range of 5 to 12% by weight is the most important element in aluminum alloying due to ability to increase the fluidity of the molten metal as well as strengthens the aluminum. Magnesium in the range of 0.3 to 1 % by weight is added to increase strength (Smith, 2004). The silicon content in the component will cause the formation of acicular silicon. It will cause the considerable reduction in the ductility of the component. Therefore the heat treatment is necessary for the component, after molding process. It is to obtain the appropriate adequate mechanical properties with respect to hardness and ductility. The heat treatment process at an appropriate temperature and for an appropriate duration is carried out to produce the component with a different hardness. In this case, production of oil pan used the solution heat treatment and followed by artificial aging process, indicate by (T6) in table 1.1. As for the oil pan, in the region of a flange is kept untreated in order to retain high level of hardness and low level of ductility. Thus, the hardness will be 85 to 110 HB and the ductility of 0.5 to 2.5%. While on the base region, it is heat treated appropriately to create a hardness of 55 to 80 HB and ductility greater than 4%. Hence, the ductility is increased and the hardness is reduced. Properties of Aluminum Alloy suit the Oil Pan Requirements Aforementioned, we had discussed the condition and requirement of the oil pan application. Through the material analysis of Aluminum alloy, we found that aluminum alloy has a good corrosive resistance. Furthermore, the mechanical property of aluminum alloy as good thermal conductivity would provide a better heat dissipation for the engine oil. Through solution heat treatment process the aluminum oil pan have had a sufficient ductility to sustain stone impact from bottom. With a considerably good hardness the aluminum alloy oil pan would maintain the component shape from deformation due some level of impact. Comparison to other possible materials for oil pan Other material commonly used to produce oil pan is low carbon steel. Oil pans made of steel are produced with a stamp forming process. Physically, in contrast to the aluminum alloy oil pan, the steel oil pan is light in weight. It is because it was produce with a thin steel sheet compare to a thicker cast aluminum alloy oil pan. Based on properties of the material, steel oil pan has a higher ductility but less hardness compare to aluminum oil pan that has high hardness and low ductility. Advantage in having high ductility material is the ability to withstand impact without crack or damage. The comparison of those material (Table 1.2) shows the difference in elasticity, which the modulus of elasticity determined the resistance to elastic deformation. The greater the modulus (Steel alloy) the stiffer the material will be. However, with that property the shape of the component will easily deformed. In case of oil pan application, it might damage other component inside the pan such as oil strainer. Other advantage of the aluminum oil pan in contrast to steel oil pan is the ability to acts as a noise shield, especially on diesel engine. In term of heat dissipation, aluminum oil pan will have advantage in dissipating more head compare to steel oil pan. Table 1.2 Room temperature Elastic, Shear Modulus and Poissons Ratio for Aluminum Alloy and Steel Alloy. Aluminum Aluminum offers many advantages over other materials. Some of these include: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Light weight (~2/3 the weight of steel) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Machinability à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ High strength-to-weight ratio à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Non-oxidizing when exposed to air à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Excellent heat dissipation à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ High electrical conductivity à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Can be cast by all common casting methods à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Heat treatable for higher strength and hardness Willian D. Callister, Jr. (2007). Materials science and engineering : an introduction, 7th Edition. United States of America, John Wiley Sons, Inc. Martin, J W.(2006). Materials for Engineering. Cambridge, Woodhead Publishing, Limited William F. Smith (2004).Foundation of Material Science and Engineering, Third edition.New York, McGraw-Hill.

Understand the Importance of Promoting Equality

2.1 Describe ways in which children and young people can experience prejudice and discriminationGender Race Background Religion Disabilities Living in care Unemployment Low income background Gangs Area they live in Language2.2 Describe the impact of prejudice and discrimination on children and young peopleLow self esteem Lack of confidence and motivation Make them feel excluded They feel stereotyped They could become withdrawn and angry2.3 Assess how own attitudes, values and behaviour could impact on work with children and young peopleBy assessing my own behaviour I have a legal duty to protect the rights of children and young people. Its important that I examine my own attitudes and values critically and consider how these may impact on the way I work with children.Children are impressionable and they soak up all information given to them and the atmosphere surrounding them. I should promote that the children are surrounded with positive messages from all the adults around them.Ste reotypical assumptions can be overcome by finding out more about cultural diversity and disability. By finding out about the children in the classroom, their background, interest and abilities a more effective method of support can be achieved.It is essential to raise the next generation with a strong sense of their self-worth. Therefore it is very important to encourage respect and mutual understanding between the children. All children are individuals and have individual rights.2.4 Describe the importance of promoting anti-discriminatory practice in work with children and young peopleIt is important for people not discriminate other people because all cultures and races have got their own set of values, opinion and religion. Discrimination is illegal and it could lead to a prosecution Work ethic these days means that we will work with people/children from different cultures, races and backgrounds It will help to reduce bullying2.5 Describe how to challenge discriminationPlease see table overleafUNITT 204 Equality, diversity and inclusion in work with children and young peopleOutcome 1 Understand the importance of promoting equality and diversity in work with children and young people1.2 Why is it important to promote the rights to participation and equality of access? Â  All pupils have the right to participate in all activities. It is important to show this which helps promote equality showing them that everybody has an equal right no matter what cultural background they come from, race, gender, additional need or disability. This must also be supported by high-quality teaching and learning experiences.Inclusion and equality of opportunity can only be successful if they help to raise achievement and to promote self-identity and good relationships through the participation of all children and young people.Culture can cut across nationality and religions. It is what gives groups of people in our society their identity. It also refers to the way groups live, for example, shared customs, thoughts, arts, language and social activity. Recognising and promoting the cultural diversity of individuals and groups within the school will enrich learning and promote the knowledge and understanding of all pupils.

The Virgin of Vladimir

http://www. flickr. com/photos/t-a-a/5340663023/  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Virgin of Vladimir Byzantine painting was not realistic in its representations of the divine and super natural. (Online Lectures) The final results were paintings and mosaics that had a blending of some naturalistic elements and abstractions. (Online Lectures) The unifying element was that the works were depictions of the Divine for the Church. (Online Lectures) The Virgin of Vladimir an image depicting a mother and child was given to the Russian ruler by the Byzantine emperor somewhere between 1130 and 1135. This image later became known as the Virgin of Vladimir which is believed to have been one of St. Luke’s original paintings painted from real life. (Unknown) As of today it is now considered to be the work of a twelfth century Byzantine artist, to date its true creator is still unknown. This icon has come to be considered the most important and most powerful icon in Russia. (Unknown) This is one of the most copied icons over generations. This icon was credited with protecting Russia in several battles. F. S. Kleiner) Because of this, the Virgin of Vladimir was held in close regards by rulers of Russia. (Unknown) Whenever the capital moved, the icon moved as well. It eventually ended up in Moscow in the late fifteenth century. The Virgin, as seen in the example image that I choose, is holding the child in a tender embrace while looking out to the viewer. It has been said that she is acknowledging Christ’s future sacrifice for all of mankind. This image exhibits all of th e characteristic Byzantine traits: her straight long nose and small mouth, the golden rays in the infant’s drapery; the decorative sweep of the unbroken contour that encloses the two figures; and the flat silhouette against the golden ground. †   (F. S. Kleiner)   This work of art is unified. The artist used actual proportions in this painting; the child is proportionally smaller than the mother. The vividness of the hues of yellows and oranges worked well creating a harmonious piece of art. Overall, I think that this is an interestingly balanced piece of art. Works Cited Kleiner, Fred S. and Mamiya, Christin J. Gardner's Art Through the Ages: A Concise History of Western Art. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing, 2007. â€Å"Byzantine Art. † Online Lectures: History of Art in Early Civilization ART1020 XD. Web. 3 September 2011. Unknown. Art Through Time: A Global View . unknown unknown unknown. 4 September 2011 ;http://www. learner. org/courses/globalart/work/219/index. html;.

The Issue Of Juvenile Justice - 1658 Words

The amount of violence in our society today shows us that the message crime does not pay has not reached violent crime offenders. Young teenagers or kids who commit serious crimes can be tried in adult court. Trying teenagers as adults have convinced potential and actual teenage offenders that if they commit adult crimes, they will serve adult times. Though, teenagers are still learning how to live in the real world, juveniles are only tried as adults under some circumstances. Juvenile justice is the area of criminal law applicable to persons not old enough to be held responsible for criminal acts, in most states, juvenile justice law is applicable to those under 18 years old. Juvenile law is mainly governed by the juvenile justice†¦show more content†¦The issue assumes significance in the wake of the brutal gang-rape and assault of a 23-year-old in Delhi on December 16 in a moving bus that shook the conscience of the nation. â€Å"The victim died in a Singapore hospital on December 29. One of the six accused in the case is a juvenile† (Apex court). The juvenile in the case was only 12 year olds. According to â€Å"Section 82 provides that nothing is an offence which is done by a child under seven years of age. Section 83 says nothing is an offence which is done by a child above seven years of age and under 12 and who has not attained the maturity to understand or judge the nature and consequences of his conduct† ( Apex Court). Due to that section clause, the juvenile was let free while the adults in the case were put in jail for 25 years to life. There are four main processes by which juvenile defendants can be transferred to criminal court. The first is the â€Å"Judicial Waiver when juvenile court judges have the ability to transfer juveniles to criminal court, usually takes into account age and severity of offense†. Based on the severity of the crime, the judge has the authority to take the juvenile case into criminal court and try the juvenile as an adults. (Fuentez 1). Second is â€Å"Prosecutorial Discretion: Prosecutors have the authority to file cases in juvenile court or criminal court jurisdiction† (Fuentez 1). There has to be prosecutors who sign a petition to try the kids as